British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London.
Decades of oil spills in the Niger Delta from Shell pipelines contaminated drinking water, destroyed farmland and fisheries, and caused severe health impacts for millions of Ogoni people. UN report (2011) found Ogoniland contamination would take 30 years to clean up.
Dutch court ruled Shell must cut its global CO₂ emissions by 45% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels — a landmark climate liability ruling. Shell appealed and a Dutch appeals court later narrowed the ruling, but the case set a precedent.